Cellular Automata

The British scientist Stephen Wolfram is one of the scientists who are deep into the cellular automata. A cellular automata is an innovative modeling studied in mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology. Basically, in a grid which can be in any finite number of dimensions, cells’ states are affected by neighbor cells’ states according to some fixed rules. For example, the rule might be that the cell is "On" in the next generation if exactly two of the cells in the neighborhood are "On" in the current generation; otherwise the cell is "Off" in the next generation. Typically, the rule for updating the state of cells is the same for each cell and does not change over time, and is applied to the whole grid simultaneously, though exceptions are known (Wikipedia).

Wolfram considers the cellular automata a new kind of science as he states.Wolfram has been studying cellular automata for more than ten years and trying to incorporate rules of cellular automata into the nature. He believes it is a new kind of science because it is challenging the foundations of all modern science.